Table 2 Substance use (%, N)

Lifetime use

 Tobacco products

53.9 (146)

52.5 (115)

59.6 (31)

 Alcohol use

79.3 (215)

79.0 (173)

80.8 (42)

 Cannabis

68.3 (185)

65.3 (143)

80.8 (42)

 Cocaine

24.4 (66)

22.8 (50)

30.8 (16)

 Prescription stimulants

15.5 (42)

15.1 (33)

17.3 (9)

 Methamphetamine

21.8 (59)

18.3 (40)

36.5 (19)

 Inhalants

35.4 (96)

33.8 (74)

42.3 (22)

 Sedatives or sleeping pills

17.3 (47)

15.1 (33)

26.9 (14)

 Hallucinogens

28.4 (77)

25.6 (56)

40.4 (21)

 Prescription opioids (taken non-medically)

11.1 (30)

10.5 (23)

13.5 (7)

 Heroin

0.7 (2)

0.9 (2)

0% (0)

 Other drugs

3.3 (9)

1.8 (4)

9.6 (5)

Injection drug use

 Ever injected drugs

6.6 (18)

6.8 (15)

5.8 (3)

 (If yes) Injected drugs in the past 6 months

55.6 (10)

46.7 (7)

100 (3)

WHO ASSIST Risk scores

 Tobacco products

 Lower risk

57.6 (156)

60.3 (132)

46.2 (24)

 Moderate risk

38.4 (104)

35.2 (77)

51.9 (27)

 High risk

4.1 (11)

4.6 (10)

1.9 (1)

Alcohol

 Lower risk

62.4 (169)

63.0 (138)

59.6 (31)

 Moderate risk

34.7 (94)

33.8 (74)

38.5 (20)

 High risk

3.0 (8)

3.2 (7)

1.9 (1)

Cannabis

 Lower risk

40.2 (109)

43.8 (96)

25.0 (13)

 Moderate risk

51.3 (139)

48.9 (107)

61.5 (32)

 High risk

8.5 (23)

7.3 (16)

13.5 (7)

Substances Other Than Tobacco, Alcohol, & Cannabis

 Lower risk

63.1 (171)

65.3 (143)

53.8 (28)

 Moderate risk

29.9 (81)

28.3 (62)

36.5 (19)

 High risk

7.0 (19)

6.4 (14)

9.6 (5)

Urinalysis results at baseline (N = 249)

 Amphetamines

12.9 (32)

10.9 (22)

20.8 (10)

 Benzodiazepines

0.4 (1)

0.5 (1)

0 (0)

 Cocaine

2.8 (7)

2.0 (4)

6.3 (3)

 Marijuana (THC)

52.2 (130)

47.8 (96)

70.8 (34)

 Methamphetamine

12.9 (32)

10.9 (22)

20.8 (10)

 Opiates/Morphine

4.8 (12)

5.0 (10)

4.2 (2)

 Phencyclidine (PCP)

0.4 (1)

0.5 (1)

0 (0)

 MDMA (Ecstasy)

10.4 (26)

8.0 (16)

20.8 (10)