The relationship between racial discrimination in healthcare, loneliness, and mental health among Black Philadelphia residents

Table 5 Regression results for anxiety as outcome

	Coefficients [95% confidence interval]
	Anxiety regressed on Racial Discrimination in Healthcare	Anxiety regressed on Racial Discrimination in Healthcare controlling for Loneliness
Loneliness		0.34 [0.23; 0.45] ***
Racial discrimination in healthcare
Yes	0.85 [0.50; 1.19] ***	0.62 [0.29; 0.94] ***
No (reference)
Age	-0.04 [-0.05; -0.02] ***	-0.03 [-0.04; -0.01] ***
Insurance
Insured (reference)
Uninsured	-0.05 [-0.42; 0.32]	0.10 [-0.26; 0.46]
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic (reference)
Hispanic	0.04 [-0.49; 0.57]	-0.07 [-0.50; 0.37]
Sex assigned at birth
Female (reference)
Male	-0.18 [-0.46; 0.11]	-0.14 [-0.41; 0.12]
LGBTQ + status
Yes	0.51 [0.03; 1.00] *	0.44 [-0.02; 0.91]
No (reference)
Education
College degree (reference)
No college degree	0.17 [-0.19; 0.52]	0.12 [-0.20; 0.44]
Relationship status
Partnered (reference)
Not partnered	-0.36 [-0.78; 0.06]	-0.53 [-0.87; -0.20] *
Income
Above the median income of Philadelphia in 2022 (reference)
Below the median income of Philadelphia in 2022	-0.01 [-0.44; 0.41]	0.01 [-0.40; 0.42]
Employment
Working for pay-full time (40 h a week or more) (reference)
Working for pay-part time (less than 40 h a week)	0.43 [-0.16; 1.02]	0.24 [-0.33; 0.81]
Not currently working	0.33 [-0.35; 1.02]	0.39 [-0.22; 0.99]
Medical conditions
Yes	0.29 [-0.07;0.65]	0.14 [-0.19; 0.48]
No (reference)

Abbreviation: LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, and other sexual and gender diverse individuals)
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

ISSN: 1475-9276