The relationship between racial discrimination in healthcare, loneliness, and mental health among Black Philadelphia residents

Table 4 Regression results for depression as outcome

	Coefficients [95% confidence interval]
	Depression regressed on Racial Discrimination in Healthcare	Depression regressed on Racial Discrimination in Healthcare controlling for Loneliness
Loneliness		0.35 [0.24; 0.46] ***
Racial discrimination in healthcare
Yes	0.52 [0.19; 0.86] **	0.29 [-0.03; 0.61]
No (reference)
Age	-0.03 [-0.04; -0.01] **	-0.02 [-0.03; -0.01] *
Insurance
Insured (reference)
Uninsured	0.22 [-0.20; 0.63]	0.37 [0.01; 0.74] *
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic (reference)
Hispanic	-0.13 [-0.66; 0.40]	-0.23 [-0.74; 0.27]
Sex assigned at birth
Female (reference)
Male	0.13 [-0.18; 0.44]	0.16 [-0.10; 0.43]
LGBTQ + status
Yes	0.51 [-0.04; 1.06]	0.44 [-0.01; 0.97]
No (reference)
Education
College degree (reference)
No college degree	0.25 [-0.15; 0.64]	0.20 [-0.16; 0.56]
Relationship status
Partnered (reference)
Not partnered	-0.36 [-0.78; 0.06]	-0.44 [-0.79; -0.08] *
Income
Above the median income of Philadelphia in 2022 (reference)
Below the median income of Philadelphia in 2022	0.01 [-0.46; 0.48]	0.03 [-0.39; 0.45]
Employment
Working for pay-full time (40 h a week or more) (reference)
Working for pay-part time (less than 40 h a week)	-0.03 [-0.62; 0.68]	-0.16 [-0.71; 0.40]
Not currently working	-0.04 [-0.74; 0.66]	0.02 [-0.62; 0.65]
Medical conditions
Yes	0.24 [-0.14;0.61]	0.09 [-0.25; 0.43]
No (reference)

Abbreviation: LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, and other sexual and gender diverse individuals)
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

ISSN: 1475-9276