Table 2 Time-based overview of political declarations and emerging global strategies of health financing equity implementation
No | Political declarations | Year | Synthesis of automated summary | Authors’ summary | Global strategies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Declaration on UHC [27] (Pearl) | 2023 | Sustainable, equitable and efficient health financing | Observing the UHC targets | Targeted financing |
2 | Declaration on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response [22] | 2023 | Global cooperation to pandemic management | Trying new approaches to pandemic financing | Experimental financing |
3 | Declaration on improving global road safety [48] | 2022 | Integrating traffic safety financing into health development agendas | Setting extra-health targets for everyone's health security | Targeted financing |
4 | Declaration on UHC [49] | 2019 | Universal access to quality care | All in better health and financial security | United financing |
5 | Declaration for the future of work [50] | 2019 | Healthful and coherent working financial conditions | Greater coherence within multiple financing systems | Aggregated financing |
6 | Declaration on primary health care [51] | 2018 | Leaving no one behind | More people protected from health issues | Selective financing |
7 | Declaration on prevention and control of non-communicable diseases [52] | 2018 | Exploring innovative financing ways and partnerships | Connecting with the most vulnerable people | Selective financing |
8 | Declaration on antimicrobial resistance [53] | 2016 | Ensuring public return on investment and engaging with multiple financing mechanisms | Equitable access to affordable medicines is a shared responsibility for everyone | United financing |
9 | Declaration of sustainable development goals [54] | 2015 | Increasing budget for health risks management | Leading everyone to healthy and productive life | Universal financing |
10 | Action agenda on financing for development [55] | 2015 | Global financing facility to address the disproportionate health issues | International coordination and multi-stakeholder partnerships for health financing | United financing |
11 | Declaration on small Island developing States [56] | 2014 | Comprehensive policies to address health challenges | Engagement of all stakeholders to mobilize health resources and drive change | Aggregated financing |
12 | Declaration on landlocked developing countries [57] | 2014 | Innovative financing mechanisms to address the challenges of landlockedness | Mobilizing domestic and external resources to address health-related landlockedness issues | Targeted financing |
13 | Declaration on sustainable development [58] | 2012 | Increased health financing for improved access to health technologies and health care | Efficient financing to improve the health of women, youth and children | Targeted financing |
14 | Declaration on prevention and control of non-communicable diseases [59] | 2011 | Cost-effective interventions for non-communicable diseases | Scaling-up cost-effective interventions for UHC | Selective financing |
15 | Declaration on social determinants of health [60] | 2011 | Strengthening risk pooling systems to prevent catastrophic health expenditure | Trials of innovative pooling mechanisms across large groups of people | Experimental financing |
16 | Declaration on the least developed countries [61] | 2011 | Setting up policy measures to strengthen domestic and international financing mechanisms | Building sustainable domestic financing mechanisms with the support from development partners | United financing |
17 | Declaration on financing for development [62] | 2008 | Modernizing and broadening tax systems that channel savings to all groups of the population | Efficient financing that meets the needs of poor, medium, and rich people | Proportionate financing |
18 | Declaration on social justice for a fair globalisation [63] | 2008 | Extending safe working conditions and social security to all | A just share of progress on financial protection in health for all kinds of workers | Aggregated financing |
19 | Declaration on African’s development needs [64] | 2008 | Increasing official development assistance to reduce mortality | Increasing debt sustainability and effectiveness to improve gross national income | United financing |
20 | Declaration on disaster reduction [65] | 2005 | Integrating disaster risk reduction planning into the health sector | Protecting critical health facilities and assisting vulnerable populations affected by disasters | Targeted financing |
21 | Declaration on aid effectiveness [66] | 2005 | Aligning aid with national health development strategies | Transparent and reliable budget reporting systems to map people left behind | Selective financing |
22 | World summit outcome [67] | 2005 | Supplementing traditional financing sources to improve health systems | Improving health outcomes and health gains | United financing |
23 | Declaration on sustainable development [68] | 2002 | Increasing domestic and international financing to deliver efficient and equitable health services | Quality health services for all, especially the poor and vulnerable populations | Targeted financing |
24 | Consensus on financing for development [69] | 2002 | Effective, efficient, transparent, and accountable financing | Effective resource mobilization for all segments of society | Universal financing |
25 | Declaration on the least developed countries [70] | 2001 | Increasing public expenditure for achieving health targets | Prioritize the needs of the most vulnerable populations | Targeted financing |
26 | Declaration on millennium development goals [71] | 2000 | Facilitating duty- and quota-free access for exports to finance health initiatives | Increasing financial and technical resource mobilisation for health | Targeted financing |
27 | Declaration on social development [72] | 1995 | School-based and community-based health financing programs | Providing equal opportunities in healthcare financing for women and children | Targeted financing |
28 | Declaration on equal treatment of men and women [73] | 1995 | Gender-sensitive health financing programs | Gender perspectives in all health financing policies | Universal financing |
29 | Declaration on sustainable development of small island developing States [74] | 1994 | Supplementing national efforts by providing concessional assistance | Prioritizing the enhancement of the quality of life | Targeted financing |
30 | Declaration on human rights [75] | 1993 | Effective financing remedies for victims | Concerted efforts of financing | Claims financing |
31 | Declaration on environment and development [76] | 1992 | Practical and acceptable community-based health financing systems | Burden-sharing among developed and developing people | Contributive financing |
32 | Declaration on survival, protection, and development of children [77] | 1990 | Supporting debt relief initiatives | Prioritize children's health and well-being in all financial decisions | Selective financing |
33 | Charter for health promotion [78] | 1987 | Coordinated action amongst various stakeholders to support health promotion | Equipping people with the financial skills needed to combat social inequalities | Contributive financing |
34 | Declaration on primary health care [79] | 1978 | Combination of community and government efforts for effective health financing | Fostering people's ownership and responsibility in financing | Contributive financing |
35 | Declaration of principles of income distribution and social progress [80] | 1976 | Setting up policy framework to guide resource allocation within the society | Creating a comprehensive framework that addresses the health needs of the population | Universal financing |
36 | Declaration of non-aligned countries [81] | 1973 | Tackling health financing issues via international cooperation | Responding to financial needs of developing countries and people | Claims financing |
37 | Declaration on the human environment [82] | 1972 | Transferring financial and technological assistance to developing countries | Sovereign rights and responsibilities of people when sharing benefits from natural resources | Contributive financing |
38 | Declaration of human rights [83] | 1948 | Supporting financial systems that provide security or circumstances beyond an individual's control | Creating financial systems that align with the principles of equality and non-discrimination | Universal financing |
39 | Charter of United Nations [84] | 1945 | Promoting solutions to international economic, social, and health problems to address disparities in health financing | Collaborative efforts amongst nations to ensure fair health financing systems for all | United financing |
40 | Declaration on international labour organisation [85] | 1944 | Extending social security measures to provide income and comprehensive health services to those in need | Stabilising world prices of primary products for the overall health and well-being of populations | Universal financing |