Table 3 GLM estimates of outpatient and inpatient OOPE (reference categories for inpatient model in brackets)

Healthcare determinants

Sector of care (Ref: Public outpatient (Public inpatient))

Private outpatient (inpatient)

0.77

0.13

0.00

$271.50

44.84

0.00

0.71

0.14

0.00

$323.97

70.15

0.00

Overseas outpatient (inpatient)

0.60

0.92

0.51

$195.36

394.62

0.62

2.27

0.35

0.00

$2,722.00

976.03

0.01

Nonmedical outpatient

-0.09

0.31

0.77

-$19.95

67.74

0.77

Level of care (Ref: Pharmacy (Secondary for inpatient))

Primary

0.19

0.08

0.01

$54.33

21.15

0.01

Secondary

1.13

0.09

0.00

$540.37

71.40

0.00

Tertiary

1.38

0.22

0.00

$769.26

228.45

0.00

0.91

0.18

0.00

$610.90

165.44

0.00

Number of inpatient nights

0.16

0.02

0.00

$82.48

12.33

0.00

Number of outpatient visits

0.00

0.00

0.70

-$0.61

1.57

0.70

Number of medications

0.01

0.00

0.00

$2.26

0.45

0.00

Health determinants

Share HHM with chronic illness

0.47

0.17

0.01

$215.13

79.56

0.01

0.29

0.30

0.33

$155.29

158.06

0.33

Share HHM with disability

0.49

0.34

0.16

$223.08

158.65

0.16

0.33

0.49

0.50

$175.72

262.71

0.51

Share HHM in SRH < good

-0.11

0.10

0.29

-$48.31

46.04

0.30

-0.06

0.17

0.74

-$30.25

91.61

0.74

Severity score

0.18

0.03

0.00

$82.13

16.01

0.00

-0.01

0.04

0.76

-$5.66

18.53

0.76

Days lost to illness/injury

0.01

0.00

0.00

$2.85

0.45

0.00

0.01

0.00

0.00

$3.60

1.26

0.01

Number of HHM with disease (Ref: Communicable diseases)

NCDs

0.14

0.04

0.00

$64.20

19.47

0.00

0.03

0.06

0.62

$16.70

33.44

0.62

MNNDs

-0.52

0.09

0.00

-$237.59

51.25

0.00

0.64

0.13

0.00

$338.94

80.73

0.00

Injuries

0.12

0.11

0.26

$55.39

48.15

0.25

0.59

0.10

0.00

$311.83

60.81

0.00

Social determinants

Household size

-0.01

0.02

0.70

-$4.26

10.79

0.69

-0.07

0.03

0.02

-$38.88

15.96

0.02

HoHH age

0.01

0.00

0.03

$2.49

1.17

0.04

0.00

0.00

0.32

$2.35

2.34

0.32

HoHH gender

0.01

0.07

0.92

$3.46

32.34

0.92

0.11

0.12

0.34

$58.85

62.00

0.35

HoHH education (Ref: No education)

Primary

0.20

0.07

0.00

$98.90

35.60

0.01

-0.26

0.10

0.01

-$122.51

44.38

0.01

Secondary

0.04

0.13

0.74

$19.91

61.17

0.75

0.23

0.16

0.15

$140.53

103.79

0.18

Higher

0.06

0.15

0.70

$25.40

68.57

0.71

-0.22

0.19

0.23

-$108.08

79.60

0.18

Other

-0.09

0.10

0.39

-$37.66

42.45

0.38

0.47

0.30

0.12

$323.21

249.69

0.20

Employment ratio

-0.12

0.11

0.27

-$53.56

48.98

0.28

-0.06

0.22

0.81

-$29.18

118.68

0.81

Share HHM over 60

0.19

0.14

0.19

$86.63

65.55

0.19

0.37

0.28

0.18

$196.67

144.34

0.18

Share HHM under 5

0.33

0.20

0.09

$153.05

92.33

0.10

-0.74

0.41

0.07

-$389.92

220.16

0.08

Wealth quintile (Ref: Quintile 1)

Quintile 2

0.36

0.09

0.00

$105.02

25.21

0.00

0.79

0.19

0.00

$233.87

70.14

0.00

Quintile 3

0.52

0.08

0.00

$163.71

24.92

0.00

0.98

0.15

0.00

$325.31

56.17

0.00

Quintile 4

0.75

0.09

0.00

$269.55

41.77

0.00

0.98

0.15

0.00

$322.04

62.14

0.00

Quintile 5

0.94

0.10

0.00

$372.05

46.90

0.00

1.28

0.15

0.00

$504.90

60.07

0.00

Total indebtedness

0.00

0.00

0.85

$0.00

0.00

0.85

0.00

0.00

0.14

$0.00

0.00

0.12

Geographic domain (Ref: Capital)

Other urban

0.59

0.20

0.01

$269.18

126.61

0.04

0.13

0.22

0.55

$81.55

138.74

0.56

Rural

0.47

0.09

0.00

$199.67

43.40

0.00

-0.11

0.13

0.38

-$60.71

70.92

0.39

Constant

2.49

0.20

0.00

3.45

0.36

0.00