Table 2 GLM estimates of total OOPE and the OOPE budget share
Total OOPE | OOPE budget share | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef | SE | p-value | Marginal effect | SE | p-value | Coef | SE | p-value | Marginal effect | SE | p-value | |||
Healthcare determinants | ||||||||||||||
Sector of care (Ref: Public outpatient) | ||||||||||||||
Public inpatient | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.18 | $67.39 | 52.35 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.43 | 0.64% | 0.01 | 0.45 | ||
Private outpatient | 0.88 | 0.12 | 0.00 | $310.95 | 33.39 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 4.98% | 0.01 | 0.00 | ||
Private inpatient | 0.93 | 0.20 | 0.00 | $340.46 | 81.86 | 0.00 | 0.90 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 5.53% | 0.01 | 0.00 | ||
Overseas | 1.40 | 0.41 | 0.07 | $672.49 | 368.36 | 0.07 | 1.32 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 10.35% | 0.06 | 0.08 | ||
Nonmedical | -0.01 | 0.33 | 0.97 | $-2.73 | 72.64 | 0.97 | -0.04 | 0.29 | 0.88 | -0.16% | 0.01 | 0.88 | ||
Level of care (Ref: Pharmacy) | ||||||||||||||
Primary | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.03 | $55.93 | 25.65 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.89% | 0.00 | 0.06 | ||
Secondary | 0.94 | 0.09 | 0.00 | $408.90 | 45.78 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 7.16% | 0.01 | 0.00 | ||
Tertiary | 1.30 | 0.15 | 0.00 | $702.21 | 129.43 | 0.00 | 1.25 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 11.49% | 0.02 | 0.00 | ||
Number of inpatient nights | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.15 | $15.02 | 10.19 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.21% | 0.00 | 0.20 | ||
Number of outpatient visits | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.89 | -$0.26 | 1.83 | 0.89 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.84 | -0.01% | 0.00 | 0.84 | ||
Number of medications | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | $2.20 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04% | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
Health determinants | ||||||||||||||
Share HHM with chronic illness | 0.37 | 0.14 | 0.01 | $193.26 | 68.67 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 3.39% | 0.01 | 0.00 | ||
Share HHM with disability | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.38 | $139.01 | 155.96 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.39 | 1.94% | 0.02 | 0.39 | ||
Share HHM in SRH < good | -0.01 | 0.10 | 0.90 | -$6.02 | 49.36 | 0.90 | -0.01 | 0.10 | 0.92 | -0.09% | 0.01 | 0.92 | ||
Severity score | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.00 | $81.52 | 15.18 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 1.23% | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
Days lost to illness/injury | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | $2.54 | 0.45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03% | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
Number of HHM with disease (Ref: Communicable diseases) | ||||||||||||||
NCDs | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.00 | $72.95 | 19.76 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 1.01% | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
MNNDs | -0.21 | 0.11 | 0.05 | -$110.10 | 56.25 | 0.05 | -0.16 | 0.11 | 0.17 | -1.33% | 0.01 | 0.18 | ||
Injuries | 0.28 | 0.07 | 0.00 | $144.52 | 35.22 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 2.09% | 0.01 | 0.00 | ||
Social determinants | ||||||||||||||
Household size | -0.03 | 0.02 | 0.14 | -$16.99 | 11.51 | 0.14 | -0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | -0.47% | 0.00 | 0.02 | ||
HoHH age | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | $3.44 | 1.33 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06% | 0.00 | 0.01 | ||
HoHH gender | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.25 | $37.64 | 32.96 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.69% | 0.01 | 0.22 | ||
HoHH education (Ref: No education) | ||||||||||||||
Primary | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.00 | $93.19 | 34.44 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 1.56% | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||
Secondary | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.30 | $80.58 | 77.57 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 1.46% | 0.01 | 0.30 | ||
Higher | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.77 | $24.46 | 82.41 | 0.77 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.86 | 0.24% | 0.01 | 0.86 | ||
Other | -0.05 | 0.10 | 0.62 | -$23.76 | 48.10 | 0.62 | -0.04 | 0.11 | 0.72 | -0.31% | 0.01 | 0.72 | ||
Employment ratio | -0.23 | 0.11 | 0.03 | -$120.45 | 56.53 | 0.03 | -0.27 | 0.11 | 0.02 | -2.31% | 0.01 | 0.02 | ||
Share HHM over 60 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.81 | $15.89 | 64.50 | 0.81 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.61 | 0.60% | 0.01 | 0.62 | ||
Share HHM under 5 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.30 | $109.53 | 105.94 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 1.88% | 0.02 | 0.28 | ||
Wealth quintile (Ref: Quintile 1) | ||||||||||||||
Quintile 2 | 0.42 | 0.09 | 0.00 | $134.16 | 30.36 | 0.00 | -0.08 | 0.09 | 0.42 | -0.77% | 0.01 | 0.42 | ||
Quintile 3 | 0.59 | 0.07 | 0.00 | $207.22 | 27.04 | 0.00 | -0.18 | 0.08 | 0.02 | -1.72% | 0.01 | 0.02 | ||
Quintile 4 | 0.77 | 0.08 | 0.00 | $297.39 | 39.05 | 0.00 | -0.26 | 0.08 | 0.00 | -2.40% | 0.01 | 0.00 | ||
Quintile 5 | 1.06 | 0.09 | 0.00 | $485.53 | 51.41 | 0.00 | -0.42 | 0.10 | 0.00 | -3.54% | 0.01 | 0.00 | ||
Total indebtedness | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.94 | $0.00 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 0.00% | 0.00 | 0.80 | ||
Geographic domain (Ref: Capital) | ||||||||||||||
Other urban | 0.59 | 0.16 | 0.01 | $318.00 | 112.43 | 0.01 | 0.64 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 5.56% | 0.02 | 0.00 | ||
Rural | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.00 | $194.70 | 45.08 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 3.40% | 0.01 | 0.00 | ||
Constant | 2.508 | 0.21 | 0.00 | -5.11 | 0.23 | 0.00 | ||||||||