Demographic disparities in access to COVID-19 clinical trial sites across the United States: a geospatial analysis

Cuomo, Raphael; McMann, Tiana; Xu, Qing; Li, Zhuoran; Yang, Joshua; Hsieh, Julie; Lee, Christine; Lolic, Milena; Araojo, Richardae; Mackey, Tim

doi:10.1186/s12939-024-02360-8

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 2 Multivariate models of COVID-19 studies in the United States for all studies, Phase 1 trials, Phase 2 trials, Phase 3 trials, Phase 4 trials, interventional studies, observational studies, government-sponsored studies, and industry-sponsored studies

From: Demographic disparities in access to COVID-19 clinical trial sites across the United States: a geospatial analysis

Covariate	All Studies		Enrollment		Phase 1		Phase 2		Phase 3		Phase 4		Interventional		Observational		Govt Sponsored		Industry Sponsored
Covariate	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p
(Constant)	177	0.012	−159496	0.965	5	0.490	88	0.006	123	0.006	3	0.417	175	0.004	12	0.577	42	0.174	143	0.004
Black or African American	−11	0.593	−2011697	0.062	−2	0.463	20	0.035	4	0.777	−1	0.359	13	0.473	−25	< 0.001	−27	0.003	17	0.241
American Indian/Alaska Native	180	< 0.001	7655854	0.001	8	0.081	62	0.002	140	< 0.001	3	0.142	195	< 0.001	−1	0.960	28	0.152	149	< 0.001
Asian	926	< 0.001	37773918	< 0.001	62	< 0.001	293	< 0.001	411	< 0.001	25	< 0.001	704	< 0.001	189	< 0.001	275	< 0.001	501	< 0.001
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	−616	0.086	−21308532	0.253	−25	0.520	−200	0.221	−242	0.284	−18	0.311	−450	0.144	−174	0.112	−326	0.038	−258	0.313
Hispanic or Latino	103	0.009	2455695	0.232	7	0.107	59	0.001	80	0.001	0	0.828	111	0.001	−6	0.610	21	0.219	74	0.009
Other Race	−89	0.469	2801764	0.661	−4	0.746	−71	0.203	−63	0.419	2	0.808	−66	0.529	5	0.886	−25	0.646	−15	0.865
Multi-Racial	−749	0.002	−34051155	0.008	−56	0.036	−268	0.017	−438	0.005	−22	0.070	−685	0.001	−111	0.139	−198	0.067	−500	0.004
Male	−1268	< 0.001	−11535128	0.502	−42	0.242	−564	< 0.001	−628	0.003	−38	0.021	−1010	< 0.001	−317	0.002	−555	< 0.001	−748	0.001
Female	612	0.080	35979780	0.048	67	0.079	114	0.475	379	0.086	−2	0.911	575	0.056	47	0.659	48	0.755	448	0.072
Age 0–4 Years	−2001	0.005	−41789415	0.254	−264	0.001	−718	0.025	−971	0.029	−23	0.523	−1743	0.004	−273	0.203	−392	0.203	−1231	0.014
Age 5–9 Years	−1113	0.198	−127200877	0.005	28	0.767	−244	0.536	−986	0.070	−9	0.828	−1354	0.068	171	0.515	−111	0.769	−1115	0.070
Age 10–14 Years	1096	0.163	1584921	0.969	24	0.782	574	0.109	689	0.164	−4	0.913	1168	0.083	−172	0.472	417	0.225	594	0.288
Age 15–19 Years	−1181	0.044	18105192	0.552	−89	0.162	−367	0.170	−788	0.033	26	0.371	−1155	0.022	147	0.411	−375	0.143	−501	0.229
Age 20–24 Years	653	0.103	−51374090	0.014	−2	0.962	256	0.162	304	0.228	6	0.776	453	0.187	106	0.384	552	0.002	41	0.885
Age 25–34 Years	3365	< 0.001	94000525	< 0.001	210	< 0.001	1310	< 0.001	1542	< 0.001	85	< 0.001	2608	< 0.001	739	< 0.001	1109	< 0.001	1960	< 0.001
Age 35–44 Years	−972	0.036	−33958955	0.159	−104	0.039	−370	0.080	−505	0.084	5	0.839	−849	0.033	−61	0.665	−87	0.668	−586	0.076
Age 45–54 Years	356	0.320	−12107653	0.516	−21	0.590	283	0.084	96	0.671	16	0.374	222	0.471	200	0.067	318	0.043	127	0.618
Age 55–64 Years	250	0.637	−22617756	0.412	−12	0.830	172	0.477	82	0.807	24	0.367	103	0.822	171	0.290	316	0.173	26	0.946
Age 75–84 Years	−208	0.797	−4543545	0.914	−76	0.387	−12	0.974	−275	0.589	28	0.488	−265	0.702	105	0.669	357	0.312	−431	0.453
Age 85 + Years	640	0.306	−36063432	0.267	40	0.555	443	0.120	272	0.490	33	0.288	365	0.496	185	0.332	121	0.659	550	0.216

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