Table 1 Definitions of terms

Transgender and gender diverse persons– Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) persons was used in this study as an umbrella term for people whose gender identity or expression differs from the culturally-bound gender associated with the sex assigned to them at birth [6]. TGD was used because it best aligned with language in current literature, and with that used by key advisors in the field in the location the study was conducted (Such as [blinded for review]). However, the authors acknowledge the problematic nature of the term as it defines a person by one aspect of their being rather than acknowledging TGD identity as one of the many elements which make up who they are.

Cisgender persons – “A person whose gender identity is the same as their sex assigned at birth” [7].

Cisgenderism/Cissexism – “Cisgenderism refers to the cultural and systemic ideology that denies, denigrates, or pathologizes self-identified gender identities that do not align with assigned gender at birth as well as resulting behavior, expression, and community. This ideology endorses and perpetuates the belief that cisgender identities and expression are to be valued more than transgender identities and expression and creates an inherent system of associated power and privilege” ([8]p.63).

Cisnormativity – “The sociocultural assumptions and expectations that all people are cisgender and/or have a cisgender body” [3].

Heterosexism – “Sexual orientation-related bias, prejudice, and discrimination towards LGBQ and other sexual minority individuals” ([9]p.124).

Heteronormativity – “The presumption and privileging of heterosexuality” (Pollitt et al., 2021) ([10]p.1).