Table 2 Manchester Digital Pain Manikin – example of a digital pain self-reporting tool (copyright University of Manchester)

The Manchester Digital Pain Manikin is a digital pain self-reporting tool on which people can indicate the location and intensity of their pain by drawing directly on the front and back view of a two-dimensional, gender-neutral human-shaped figure. The app is an improved and tested version of a previous prototype [2, 6, 73]. A daily pain manikin report includes a single overall pain question, a two-sided two-dimensional pain drawing, and a free text pain diary (Fig. 1a-d). The app enables zooming in on a specific part of the body by selecting an area from a pre-specified list.

1a. Numeric rating scale for overall pain intensity

1b. Front view of the body manikin with pain drawing

1c. Back view of the body manikin with pain drawing

1d. Pain diary