Table 2 Hospital Course, PIVC characteristics, and outcomes of hospitalized patients stratified by race

n

144,524

484 (0.3%)

2,908 (2.0%)

38,956 (27.0%)

97,069 (67.2%)

5,107 (3.5%)

Hospital Course

Hospital Setting

< 0.001

Community (250 + beds)

40,043 (27.7%)

80 (16.5%)

273 (9.4%)

20,970 (53.8%)

18,012 (18.5%)

708 (13.9%)

Mid-size (500 + beds)

49,119 (34.0%)

192 (39.7%)

1437 (49.4%)

2768 (7.1%)

42,490 (43.8%)

2232 (43.7%)

Academic (1000 + beds)

55,362 (38.3%)

212 (43.8%)

1198 (41.2%)

15,218 (39.1%)

36,567 (37.7%)

2167 (42.4%)

Emergency Severity Index

< 0.001

Mean

2.6 (0.6)

2.6 (0.6)

2.5 (0.6)

2.6 (0.6)

2.6 (0.6)

2.5 (0.6)

Median

3.0 (2.0, 3.0)

3.0 (2.0, 3.0)

3.0 (2.0, 3.0)

3.0 (2.0, 3.0)

3.0 (2.0, 3.0)

3.0 (2.0, 3.0)

Not documented

472

2

10

85

358

17

Length of Stay, hours

< 0.001

Mean

134.7 (147.6)

122.6 (156.6)

131.5 (144.1)

137.1 (155.2)

134.1 (143.7)

130.6 (161.6)

Median

95.2 (53.5, 162.8)

77.4 (51.7, 126.3)

90.3 (50.7, 158.8)

95.4 (55.0, 162.9)

95.5 (53.4, 163.4)

88.2 (50.0, 153.9)

Use of Intravenous Vesicant

< 0.001

Yes

36,696 (25.4%)

123 (25.4%)

852 (29.3%)

9527 (24.5%)

24,837 (25.6%)

1357 (26.6%)

PIVC Characteristics

Gauge

< 0.001

18

25,517 (18.8%)

82 (18.3%)

508 (18.6%)

6894 (18.8%)

17,137 (18.9%)

896 (18.7%)

20

101,637 (75.0%)

339 (75.5%)

2103 (77.0%)

26,294 (71.7%)

69,196 (76.2%)

3705 (77.4%)

22

8043 (5.9%)

28 (6.2%)

119 (4.4%)

3285 (9.0%)

4430 (4.9%)

181 (3.8%)

24

330 (0.2%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (0.1%)

222 (0.6%)

104 (0.1%)

2 (0.0%)

Not documented

8997

35

176

2261

6202

323

Orientation

< 0.001

Left

70,206 (49.3%)

255 (53.5%)

1387 (48.5%)

18,351 (47.9%)

47,724 (49.9%)

2489 (49.6%)

Right

72,099 (50.7%)

222 (46.5%)

1474 (51.5%)

19,983 (52.1%)

47,892 (50.1%)

2528 (50.4%)

Not documented

2219

7

47

622

1453

90

Location

< 0.001

Antecubital

81,882 (56.7%)

269 (55.6%)

1788 (61.5%)

20,803 (53.4%)

55,944 (57.6%)

3078 (60.3%)

Forearm

38,360 (26.5%)

127 (26.2%)

708 (24.3%)

9913 (25.4%)

26,337 (27.1%)

1275 (25.0%)

Hand/Wrist

5103 (3.5%)

20 (4.1%)

95 (3.3%)

1257 (3.2%)

3559 (3.7%)

172 (3.4%)

Upper Arm

6440 (4.5%)

25 (5.2%)

82 (2.8%)

2797 (7.2%)

3374 (3.5%)

162 (3.2%)

Other

12,739 (8.8%)

43 (8.9%)

235 (8.1%)

4186 (10.7%)

7855 (8.1%)

420 (8.2%)

Insertion Method

< 0.001

Traditional

137,105 (94.9%)

455 (94.0%)

2805 (96.5%)

35,199 (90.4%)

93,690 (96.5%)

4956 (97.0%)

Ultrasound Guided

7419 (5.1%)

29 (6.0%)

103 (3.5%)

3757 (9.6%)

3379 (3.5%)

151 (3.0%)

Inserter Credentials

< 0.001

EDT

51,876 (47.0%)

171 (47.9%)

1083 (49.2%)

13,942 (47.0%)

34,865 (47.0%)

1815 (46.8%)

Nurse

45,516 (41.3%)

146 (40.9%)

881 (40.0%)

13,282 (44.8%)

29,627 (39.9%)

1580 (40.8%)

APP/Physician

778 (0.7%)

5 (1.4%)

9 (0.4%)

439 (1.5%)

300 (0.4%)

25 (0.6%)

EMS

11,831 (10.7%)

34 (9.5%)

223 (10.1%)

1938 (6.5%)

9187 (12.4%)

449 (11.6%)

Other

282 (0.3%)

1 (0.3%)

5 (0.2%)

73 (0.2%)

195 (0.3%)

8 (0.2%)

Not documented

34,241

127

707

9282

22,895

1230

Outcomes

Proportion of Dwell to Hospital Length of Stay

< 0.001

Mean

0.68 (0.35)

0.70 (0.35)

0.74 (0.33)

0.65 (0.36)

0.69 (0.35)

0.71 (0.34)

Median

0.88 (0.34, 0.99)

0.90 (0.37, 0.99)

0.94 (0.48, 0.99)

0.82 (0.30, 0.98)

0.90 (0.35, 0.99)

0.93 (0.41, 0.99)

Dwell time, hours

< 0.001

Mean

68.3 (55.3)

62.5 (50.2)

73.8 (58.5)

65.9 (54.6)

69.1 (55.5)

68.3 (54.5)

Median

53.0 (29.5, 91.4)

51.2 (27.6, 82.1)

58.5 (33.4, 97.5)

51.5 (28.0, 88.4)

53.7 (30.0, 92.3)

52.2 (29.4, 91.8)

Time to PIVC Placement, hours

< 0.001

Mean

1.89 (3.70)

2.29 (5.02)

1.82 (2.46)

2.03 (2.96)

1.83 (4.05)

1.82 (2.12)

Median

1.23 (0.63, 2.30)

1.42 (0.72, 2.60)

1.25 (0.65, 2.23)

1.27 (0.62, 2.52)

1.22 (0.63, 2.22)

1.23 (0.65, 2.23)

Length of stay, hours

< 0.001

Mean

134.9 (147.6)

122.6 (156.6)

131.49 (144.1)

137.14 (155.2)

134.1 (143.7)

130.6 (161.6)

Median

95.2 (53.5, 162.8)

77.4 (51.7, 126.3)

90.3 (50.7, 158.8)

95.4 (55.0, 162.9)

95.5 (53.4, 163.4)

88.2 (50.0, 153.9)

Removal Reason

< 0.001

Completed By Discharge

42,674 (34.6%)

149 (35.6%)

1020 (40.3%)

10,426 (31.8%)

29,418 (35.4%)

1661 (37.4%)

Failure

43,085 (34.9%)

129 (30.9%)

731 (28.9%)

12,144 (37.0%)

28,674 (34.5%)

1407 (31.7%)

Therapy Completed

37,639 (30.5%)

140 (33.5%)

782 (30.9%)

10,214 (31.2%)

25,127 (30.2%)

1376 (31.0%)

Not documented

21,126

66

375

6172

13,850

663

Failure Subcategory

< 0.001

Infiltration

10,250 (42.3%)

36 (48.0%)

184 (45.4%)

3042 (43.5%)

6659 (41.6%)

329 (43.3%)

Leaking

10,406 (43.0%)

31 (41.3%)

166 (41.0%)

2785 (39.9%)

7108 (44.4%)

316 (41.6%)

Occlusion

3549 (14.7%)

8 (10.7%)

55 (13.6%)

1155 (16.5%)

2217 (13.9%)

114 (15.0%)

Phlebitis

16 (0.1%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

6 (0.1%)

10 (0.1%)

0 (0.0%)

Not documented

18,864

54

326

5156

12,680

648